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Article History

Received: 4 August 2016

Accepted: 3 April 2018

First Online: 1 May 2018

Ethics approval and consent to participate

: Both health surveys (baseline in 2011 and follow-up in 2015) received ethical approval from the ethics review committee of the Tropical Disease Research Centre (Ndola, Zambia; registration number 00003729). Written informed consent was obtained from participating women (fingerprint for illiterate subjects).

: Astrid M. Knoblauch, Mark J. Divall, Milka Owuor and Mirko S. Winkler have all supported the Trident project as independent public and occupational health specialists. The first and corresponding authors had full access to all the data in both surveys and had final responsibility for the decision to submit for publication. Gertrude Musunka and Anna Pascall are employees of First Quantum Minerals Limited, the mining company that funded the current study.

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