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Article History

Received: 17 June 2020

Accepted: 10 February 2021

First Online: 25 February 2021

Ethics approval and consent to participate

: Permission for data access was obtained from major demographic and health survey through an online request from ExternalRef removed. The data used for this study were publicly available with no personal identifier. We received the authorization letter from The Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) Program. The IRB-approved procedures for DHS public-use datasets do not in any way allow respondents, households, or sample communities to be identified. There are no names of individuals or household addresses in the data files. The geographic identifiers only go down to the regional level (where regions are typically very large geographical areas encompassing several states/provinces). Each enumeration area (Primary Sampling Unit) has a PSU number in the data file, but the PSU numbers do not have any labels to indicate their names or locations. In surveys that collect GIS coordinates in the field, the coordinates are only for the enumeration area (EA) as a whole, and not for individual households, and the measured coordinates are randomly displaced within a large geographic area so that specific enumeration areas cannot be identified.

: Not applicable.

: Authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.