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Authors
Zhang, Fufei
Huang, Jingyi
Huang, Xinlin
Zhao, Xinran
Yang, Qinfeng
Wang, Jian
Yu, Xuegao
Xu, Xue
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Article History
Received: 6 February 2025
Accepted: 8 April 2025
First Online: 14 April 2025
Declarations
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: This article does not involve any research on human participants or animals. This observational study used the National Inpatient Sample (NIS) database, a publicly available, research-specific dataset. As is the case with other studies utilizing the NIS, this study did not require ethical review, as the data are anonymised and cannot be linked to any individuals. The NIS dataset has been rigorously desensitised to ensure the security of individual privacy. Researchers use these data solely for statistical analyses or scientific research, with no direct impact on individuals. Therefore, in accordance with relevant ethical review regulations, no consent from individuals is required [–].
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
