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Article History

Received: 10 May 2025

Accepted: 23 July 2025

First Online: 12 August 2025

Declarations

:

: Both are not applicable to this study. Norm/standard for ethical research: DHS Program’s ethical standards and Helsinki’s principles guided the investigation. Approval committee: Under the DHS protocol, the National Health Research Ethics Committee (NHREC), Nigeria, and the ICF Institutional Review Board, USA, granted ethical permission to use the NDHS data.

: This study utilised secondary data drawn from the Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS, 2018). DHS program authorized the downloading of the survey data for the purpose of statistical reporting and analysis for this registered research.

: The authors declare no competing interests.