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Authors
Challa, Sneha https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5220-6834
Chiu, Calvin
Jegede, Ayobambo
Idiodi, Ivan
Aliyu, Mikail
Okoli, Chioma
Dimowo, Shakede
Tijani, Aminat
Nmadu, Awawu Grace
Diallo, Rodio
Liu, Jenny
Omoluabi, Elizabeth
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (OPP1216593)
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Article History
Received: 29 February 2024
Accepted: 28 July 2025
First Online: 21 August 2025
Declarations
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: This study was given the designation of “not human subjects research” by the University of California San Francisco Institutional Review Board (Study #20–32949) as it involved analysis of de-identified data. All study procedures were approved by the National Health Research Ethics Committee in Nigeria (Approval #NHREC/01/01/2007–25/09/2020). This included a waiver of consent requirements as this MC study involved minimal risk from participants and obtaining consent would have compromised the rigor of the study methodology.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
