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Authors
Tappis, Hannah https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4289-5418
Qayyum, Kanwal
Bryce, Emily
Fatima, Aisha
Christofield, Megan
Haider, Huma
Ameen, Afshan
Gardezi, Syed Muhammad Akbar
Rafay, Fazal
Assad, Fauzia
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (INV-005538)
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Article History
Received: 29 February 2024
Accepted: 7 August 2025
First Online: 7 September 2025
Declarations
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: Ethical clearance for this study was obtained from the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health (# 21562) and the National Bioethics Committee, Pakistan (# 876).
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
