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Authors
Li, Houzhi
Liu, Yuan
Hu, Zifeng Peter
Lin, Eddie
Teng, Chenjun
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Article History
Received: 5 September 2025
Accepted: 29 October 2025
First Online: 2 December 2025
Declarations
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: This study is an observational population-based study utilizing the data from the GBD 2021 study, which did not require ethical approval.
: In accordance with ethical standards, all participants involved in this study provided their informed consent to participate. Confidentiality and privacy were guaranteed throughout the research process. Participants were also made aware of their right to withdraw from study at any time without any.negative consequences.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
