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Article History

Received: 9 May 2025

Accepted: 26 November 2025

First Online: 12 December 2025

Declarations

:

: All study participants were provided with written project information and signed an informed consent form prior to participating in an interview or survey. The consent forms used lay language. The interview participants were provided with the opportunity to ask questions about the study prior to signing the consent form. Interview questionnaires, consent forms and procedures were reviewed by the European Commission. Furthermore, ethical clearance was given by the Finnish Institute of Health and Welfare (THL/1145/6.02.01/2023), the University of Deusto (ETK-60/23–24), and the German Police University (DHPol-EthK.2023.Kö1). The survey received ethical clearance from Dynata (internal review process before survey submission). The authors assert that all procedures contributing to this work comply with the ethical standards of the relevant national and institutional committees on research on vulnerable groups and with standards for social sciences set forth in the Helsinki Declaration of 1975, as revised in 2008.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.