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Article History

Received: 6 July 2024

Accepted: 27 November 2025

First Online: 3 January 2026

Declarations

:

: This study used secondary data without involving any human subjects. Hence, no formal ethical approval was required. However, the permission to use the data was obtained from the DHS program. The procedures for TDHS-MIS data collection were approved by the following organizations: Tanzania’s National Institute for Medical Research (NIMR), the Zanzibar Medical Ethics and Research Committee (ZAMREC), the Institutional Review Board of ICF International, and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta, USA. Written informed consent to participate in this study was provided by the participants’ legal guardian/next of kin.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.