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Authors
Msoka, Elizabeth F. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2352-3520
Abraham, Mackenzie
Cyril, Perry M.
Serventi, Furaha
Kavishe, Adelaida A.
Kitali, Brenda M.
Saria, Vivian F.
Bright, Frank B. https://orcid.org/0009-0005-8290-3493
Henke, Oliver https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9838-9805
Masenga, Gileard G. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7708-9360
Mulder, Bob C. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6828-7392
Blanchard, Charmaine https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9302-1454
Joffe, Maureen https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8616-9672
Kantelhardt, Eva J. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7935-719X
Gutnik, Lily https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8674-7655
Mmbaga, Blandina T. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5550-1916
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Article History
Received: 25 May 2025
Accepted: 3 December 2025
First Online: 12 December 2025
Declarations
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: All methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations. Throughout the study, the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki were followed. Ethical approval was granted from the local ethical reviewed board, College Research Ethics and Review Committee (CRERC) (ref: 2425), the National Institute of Medical Research (NIMR) (ref: NIMR/HQ/R.8a/Vol./IX/3733), and from the President’s Office, Regional Administration and Local Government of Tanzania (PO-RALG) (ref: AB.307/223/01). Written informed consent was obtained from participants after reading a participant information sheet to them.
: Not applicable under this section.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
