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Authors
Zhang, Yuanyuan
Xiao, Wenjun
Zhu, Xiaoyi
Zhu, Ying
Yang, Zhuo
Ma, Jing
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China (82305299)
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Article History
Received: 9 August 2025
Accepted: 9 December 2025
First Online: 18 December 2025
Declarations
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: The NHANES study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the NCHS Research Ethics Review Board (ERB) (Continuation of Protocol #98-12, with subsequent periodic reviews and re-approvals for each survey cycle). All participants provided written informed consent. Further details regarding the ethical oversight of NHANES can be found at https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes/about/erb.html [ ].
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
