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Article History

Received: 21 October 2025

Accepted: 19 December 2025

First Online: 29 December 2025

Declarations

:

: In accordance with the principles of research ethics, ethical considerations—including honesty in the use of resources, compliance with ethical principles, coordination and presentation of a letter of introduction to the research setting, obtaining informed written consent, ensuring noncoercion of participants in the study, and assuring confidentiality of information—were observed at all stages of the research. This study was approved with the ethics code IR.MUMS.NURSE.REC.1402.070 in the ethics committee of the Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.