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Authors
Baradwan, Saeed https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0427-8758
Latifah, Hassan M.
Hafedh, Bandr
Al-Maghrabi, Haneen
Almarzugi, Ruzanah
Aljabri, Wajd
Edrees, Alaa
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Article History
Received: 24 October 2025
Accepted: 13 January 2026
First Online: 21 January 2026
Declarations
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: The studies involving humans were approved by the Ethics Committee of the Institutional Review Board of King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia (IRB approval number: 2251209). The studies were conducted in accordance with local legislation and institutional requirements, as well as the Declaration of Helsinki. The requirement for informed consent was waived by the aforementioned ethics committee due to the retrospective nature of the study, which involved anonymized analysis of existing medical records without additional interventions. All data were handled in compliance with patient confidentiality guidelines.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
