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Authors
Wang, Zheng
Yan, Zhifeng
Wu, Di
Wang, Mingyang
Meng, Yuanguang
Li, Mingxia
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Foundation for Innovative Research Groups of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (8257110249)
PLA General Hospital Innovation Cultivation Fund Project (qzx-2023-9)
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Article History
Received: 19 February 2026
Accepted: 24 April 2026
First Online: 1 May 2026
Declarations
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: This study involves human data. This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army General Hospital. Given the retrospective nature of the study, which involved only the analysis of de-identified clinical data collected during routine clinical practice, and which posed no more than minimal risk to participants, the IRB granted a waiver of informed consent. This decision is in accordance with Article 32 of the Measures for Ethical Review of Life Sciences and Medical Research Involving Humans (2023), which allows exemption from ethical review (including the requirement for informed consent) for research using anonymized information data that does not cause harm to human subjects, involve sensitive personal information, or commercial interests.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
