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Authors
Marine, Buzuneh Tasfa https://orcid.org/0009-0004-0180-9669
Haile, Yematawork Alemu https://orcid.org/0009-0004-5558-7133
Tesfaye, Yohannes Zewdu
Geleta, Eyerusalem Gurmessa
Ashenafi, Nigat https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7726-8468
Zewde, Mihiret Genene
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Article History
Received: 24 July 2025
Accepted: 15 May 2026
First Online: 26 May 2026
Declarations
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: The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of Jimma University. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants aged 16 years and above, in accordance with Ethiopian regulations allowing individuals in this age group to provide consent for research participation. For participants younger than 16 years, written informed consent was obtained from their parents or legal guardians. All participants and/or their guardians were fully informed of their right to refuse participation or withdraw from the study at any time without penalty. Confidentiality and anonymity were strictly maintained: no personal identifiers were recorded, and all data were handled securely. The study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.
: Not applicable. No individual person’s personal details, images, or videos are being used in this study.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: Not applicable.
