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Authors
Ndubani, Rhoda
Lamberti, Olimpia
Mshanga, Isaac
Kasese, Nkatya
Kelly, Helen
Fitzpatrick, Jennifer
Chisaili, Janet
Mwanza, Ruth
Choongo, Melisa
Ngoshe, Molen
Phiri, Sandra
Mukombwe, Georgina
Webb, Emily L.
Ayles, Helen
Shanaube, Kwame
Bustinduy, Amaya L.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
UK Research and Innovation
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Article History
Received: 4 December 2025
Accepted: 30 June 2026
First Online: 9 July 2026
Declarations
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: Informed consent was obtained from all study participants. This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, approved by the University of Zambia Biomedical Research Ethics Committee (reference number: 1858–2021), the Zambia National Health Research Authority (reference number: NHRA00012) and the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine research ethics committee (reference number: 25258).
: Not Applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
