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Authors
Katembo, Jean-Louis Mumbere
Kebela, John Kamwina
Senge, Mathe
Bangelesa, Freddy
Virima, Mudogo
Bive, Bive Zono
Lelo, Georges Mvumbi
Lebwaze, Bienvenu Massamba
Chirimwami, Raphael Bulakali
Boissier, Jérome
Mudogo, Celestin Nzanzu
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
French Embassy in DRC (FSPI-2023-59)
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Article History
Received: 25 April 2026
Accepted: 30 July 2026
First Online: 31 July 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and national research committees and with the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments. Ethical approval was obtained from the University of Kinshasa Ethics Committee (approval number: ESP/CE/197/2023). Written informed consent was obtained from all participants. Permission to survey the healthcare professionals in the Mabalako HZ was obtained from the Head Doctor of the Mabalako HZ. Before visiting the various health facilities, a meeting was held with the HZ supervisors, who assisted as data collectors. The meeting aimed to explain the research objectives and familiarize the supervisors with the survey questionnaire. During data collection, surveyors explained the study objectives to the participants and ensured their confidentiality pertaining to the collected data.
Consent for publication: Not applicable.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
