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Article History

Received: 2 September 2024

Accepted: 28 April 2025

First Online: 13 May 2025

Declarations

:

: The use of whole blood samples from healthy volunteers was approved and the written informed consent was waived by the Ethics Committee of the Human Research Ethics Unit, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University (AMSEC-65EM-017). Participants were assured that their information would remain confidential. The authors confirm that all methods were conducted in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations. G. pentaphyllum leaves were harvested in May 2021 from a cultivation farm in San Sai District, Chiang Mai Province, Thailand. The authors confirm that all methods involving the plants and their materials complied with relevant institutional, national, and international guidelines and legislation. Additionally, this plant is a common medicinal plant in Thailand, used in traditional medicine and not at risk of extinction. The plant sample was authenticated and voucher specimen (reference no. 0023392) was deposited in the Herbarium of the Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Thailand. Plant collection was conducted under the license of the Ghana Forestry Commission, following the guidelines of the IUCN Policy Statement on Research Involving Species at Risk of Extinction and the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES).

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.