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Article History

Received: 12 September 2024

Accepted: 8 September 2025

First Online: 8 October 2025

Declarations

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: The use of human PBMCs in this study was approved by the Human Research Ethics Unit of the Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University. The study code was No. 196/2022; date of approval: June 27, 2022. Written informed consent was obtained from the participants who were completely informed of the study purposes and procedures. In addition, the participants were assured about the confidentiality of their information. Authors confirmed that all methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations.Sophora exigua were collected from 12 sources in Thailand including Bangkok, Nonthaburi, Phitsanulok, Lopburi, Phuket, Chiang Mai, Chaiyaphum, and Nong Bua Lamphu provinces during April 2020. Authors confirmed that all methods involving the plants, and their materials complied with relevant institutional, national, and international guidelines and legislation. Moreover, this plant is a common medicinal plant in Thailand. It can be collected for Thai folk medicine. It is not a risk of extinction. All plant materials were identified and authenticated by Angkhana Inta, Chiang Mai University, Sukanda Chaiyong, Trinnakorn Katekulaphan, and Methee Rungrojsakul, Chandrakasem Rajabhat University, Bangkok, Thailand. Voucher specimens numbered WP6610, WP6611, and WP6612 have been deposited in an Herbarium, Queen Sirikit Botanical Garden. Plant collection was done under the licence of the Ghana Forestry Commission according to the guidelines of IUCN Policy Statement on Research Involving Species at Risk of Extinction and the Convention on the Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.