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Article History

Received: 7 May 2025

Accepted: 27 October 2025

First Online: 24 November 2025

Declarations

:

: This study utilized publicly available data from the International Social Survey Programme (ISSP Research Group, 2024), which does not involve human participants. As per the Thailand Science Research and Innovation (TSRI) guidelines, this study was exempted from an institution’s review committee.

: Not applicable. This manuscript does not contain data from any person that requires consent for publication, as it uses publicly available, de-identified secondary data.

: The authors declare no competing interests.