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Article History

Received: 25 May 2025

Accepted: 12 November 2025

First Online: 22 January 2026

Declarations

:

: This study adhered to the declaration of Helsinki and was approved by Otago Health Ethics Committee, #H23/026. All participants provide free and informed written consent.

: No individual data is submitted for publication, all data is de-identified.

: Medleaf Therapeutics and Helius Therapeutics contributed funding to support this project. Medleaf Therapeutics partially funded participant vouchers ($2,000 total). Helius provided subsidised CBD oil to Cannaplus for participant prescriptions. Both companies were not in-volved in study design, analysis or manuscript preparation. JS Is currently employed at Australian Natural Therapeutics Group and formerly sat on the scientific advisory board for BioCeuticals. JS also sits on the board of the Australian Medic-inal Cannabis Association (pro bono) and the steering committee of Cannabis Clinicians Australia (pro bono).MA has received funds from the Victorian Government, philanthropic donors (Wilson Foundation), and industry partners (Cannim, OzMedicannGroup) for research related to medicinal cannabis, outside the submitted work. He is also a scientific advisory board member for Evolv Health. He is a guest editor for the special edition of BMC complementary medicine and therapy - Advances in cannabis and cannabinoid research.