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Article History

Received: 7 October 2024

Accepted: 27 November 2025

First Online: 13 December 2025

Declarations

:

: This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Taipei Veterans General Hospital (No. 2022–06-002B). After explaining the study, written informed consent was obtained from each participant. All participants were informed that they could withdraw from the study at any time without affecting their treatment or care, and their personal information would be stored in coded form and kept strictly confidential. Additionally, participants were informed that they could pause the study at any time if they experienced any discomfort or symptoms of fatigue during the research process.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.