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Article History

Received: 17 August 2025

Accepted: 2 December 2025

First Online: 7 December 2025

Declarations

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: This research was carried out in full alignment with the applicable legal and regulatory frameworks of the People’s Republic of China, such as the Regulations on the Bio-safety Management of Pathogenic Microbe Labs , the Biosecurity Law of the People’s Republic of China , the Regulations on the Management of Medical Waste , and the Regulations on the Administration of Human Genetic Resources . All procedures involving the collection, transport, handling, and usage of biological materials complied with these provisions. Within this study, saliva samples were solely utilized to establish a surface coating for facilitating bacterial adhesion. From collection through use, these specimens posed no threat to human health, contained no personally identifiable information, and were entirely unrelated to any commercial interests. The research protocol was reviewed by the Ethics Committee of the Sixth Medical Center of the People’s Liberation Army General Hospital, which granted a waiver for formal ethical review. Each participant provided voluntary informed consent, in accordance with the Regulations on the Administration of Human Genetic Resources and the Ethical Review Measures of Life Science and Medical Research Involving Human Participants . All methodologies adhered to the principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki .

: The authors declare no competing interests.