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Article History

Received: 17 June 2025

Accepted: 2 January 2026

First Online: 7 January 2026

Declarations

:

: Collection of Dipterocarpus obtusifolius flowers was conducted with prior permission from the landowner, Malinee Thanee, who provided written consent for collection on their property. The experiments of all human cell lines in this study were approved by the Human Ethics Committee of Khon Kaen University (approval number HE671575). This study was granted exempt status as it involved the use of established, de-identified cell lines that are publicly available and do not require individual patient consent for their use in research.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.