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Article History

Received: 24 December 2024

Accepted: 6 January 2026

First Online: 22 January 2026

Declarations

:

: All research experiments performed in this study were approved by the Institutional Review Board, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, and Addis Ababa University, with protocol number 092/21/SOP dated January 2022. The review board reviews basic research involving patients and human volunteers. All experiments were performed in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations. This study strongly adhered to the Declaration of Helsinki in the process of the Ethics approval, consent to participate and data collection.Based on protocol number 092/21/SOP, informed consent was obtained from the individuals participated in this study after a necessary explanation about the purpose, benefit, and risk of the study.

: Consent for publication is not applicable for this research because the clinical isolates Leishmania donovani (VL: GR1140), Leishmania aethiopica (CL: 584/17) and human blood sample were obtained from the Leishmaniasis Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology of School of Medicine, Addis Ababa University. Thus the individuals responsible for this laboratory are part of the researchers and the authors of this manuscript.

: The authors declare no competing interests.