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Article History

Received: 11 July 2025

Accepted: 30 January 2026

First Online: 20 February 2026

Declarations

:

: The study involved exclusively ex vivo incubation of fecal material donated by a single healthy adult volunteer, with no additional interventions on human participants. Ethical approval was obtained from the Research Ethics Committee of the University of Milan (opinion no. 89/22). Written informed consent to participate in the study was obtained from the donor prior to sample collection. All procedures complied with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and with applicable institutional and national guidelines.

: Written informed consent for the publication of anonymized data was obtained from the donor prior to sample collection.

: R.R. is employed by Giellepi S.p.A. and was not involved in the data analysis or interpretation of results. R.D.‘s doctoral fellowship is co-funded by Giellepi S.p.A.