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Authors
Master, Riya
Mguntha, Andrew
Baltzell, Kimberly
Bandawe, Gama
Hooft, Anneka
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
UCSF Department of Humanities
UCSF Institute for Global Health Sciences Center for Pandemic Preparedness and Response
UCSF Department of Emergency Medicine Global Health Section
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Article History
Received: 17 February 2025
Accepted: 15 April 2026
First Online: 18 April 2026
Declarations
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: This study was approved by the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) Internal Review Committee (IRB) and the Malawi University of Science and Technology Research Ethics Committee (MUSTREC). All study procedures conformed to the Declaration of Helsinki for the Protection of Human Subjects of 1964 (revised 2013). Interview participants provided written informed consent prior to participation. Survey participants verbally consented to participation on an anonymous basis. Personal information that could identify participants was omitted from recordings, transcriptions, and translations to the maximum extent possible.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
