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Article History

Received: 30 September 2024

Accepted: 23 April 2026

First Online: 13 May 2026

Declarations

:

: All experimental methods adhered to established guidelines and protocols. Ethical clearance was granted by the Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology’s IRB at Addis Ababa University (reference ALIPB IRB/84/2014/22, dated August 17, 2022). Permissions for fieldwork were obtained from the West Arsi Zone and local administrative offices. Informed consent agreements were secured from all participants, including verbal consent from informants and traditional healers prior to interviews. Participants were informed about the study’s objectives before data collection, which commenced only after receiving their oral permission.

: Not available.

: The authors declare no competing interests.