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Article History

Received: 13 January 2025

Accepted: 13 June 2025

First Online: 1 July 2025

Declarations

:

: This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of National Taiwan Normal University (Approval Number: 202105HM045). All participants provided informed consent prior to participation. The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: The study was approved by the NTNU Institutional Review Board in June 2021. The tracking number is 202105HM045.

: The authors declared no potential conflicts of interest concerning to the research, authorship, and publication of this article.

: not applicable.

: P-L T. led the conceptualization of the study alongside C-C C., J-S T., H-R L., and C-Y T. Additionally, P-L T., H-F Y., and C-Y T. collaborated on curriculum development, ensuring the course met the necessary standards. Data curation was managed by P-L T., H-F Y., and C-C C., who organized and prepared the data for analysis. P-L T. and H-F Y. conducted the formal analysis, ensuring the integrity of the findings. The administration of the project was overseen by P-L T. and T-Y C., ensuring smooth project execution. Finally, the original draft of the manuscript was primarily written by P-L T. and C-Y T., who synthesized the research into a cohesive document. All authors reviewed the manuscript.