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Authors
Yu, Huajun https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6297-3164
Zhao, Jin https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8792-4123
Su, Lina https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7797-9585
Zhang, Jianjun https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9822-3832
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Zhejiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Education and Teaching Reform Program under Grant (JD23001, JD23001)
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Article History
Received: 14 April 2025
Accepted: 19 June 2025
First Online: 1 July 2025
Declarations
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: The Ethics Committee of Zhejiang Hospital waived the requirements for ethical approval and informed consent for this study under the provisions of China’s “Ethical Review Measures for Human Life Sciences and Medical Research” (2023) and “Regulations on Ethical Review of Science and Technology (Trial Version)” (2023), as it met the criteria for exemption: (1) anonymized data with no personal identifiers; (2) non-invasive observation of standard educational practices; (3) minimal risk to participants due to the absence of sensitive personal information collection. Students were provided with oral information regarding data usage, and participation was voluntary with the option to opt out.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
