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Article History

Received: 14 November 2024

Accepted: 26 June 2025

First Online: 9 July 2025

Declarations

:

: In accordance with local legislation and institutional requirements, ethical review and approval were required for this study involving human participants (Approval No. LL2024-019). Clinical trial number: not applicable. Prior to designing the study, our teaching team fully considered the potential impact of this issue. Considering that we could not determine whether VSO would have positive teaching effects before the study was conducted, we still fully informed the students in the experimental group before adopting the VSO intervention and explained to them some possible risks in the study process. A prearranged plan would be initiated for any student who was unwilling to accept VSO intervention teaching, and the previous teaching mode would be implemented for these students. All the students agreed to participate in this study.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.