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Article History

Received: 30 December 2024

Accepted: 8 July 2025

First Online: 14 July 2025

Declarations

:

: This study was reviewed and approved by the Catholic Medical Center Central Institutional Review Board (CMC Central IRB) of the Catholic University of Korea (IRB No. MC24EISI0093), under the governance of the Catholic Medical Center Human Research Protection Program (CMC HRPP). The study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles of the Belmont Report and the Declaration of Helsinki, and in compliance with the Bioethics and Safety Act of the Republic of Korea. The need for written informed consent was waived by the CMC Central IRB because the study involved the analysis of previously collected data, and obtaining individual consent was practically impossible, as per Article 3 of the CMC HRPP ‘Waiver of Informed Consent Procedure’. Students were informed that their participation was voluntary, and there were no penalties for non-participation or withdrawal from the study.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.