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Authors
Lin, Nanzhen
Wang, Yuyang
Jin, Gaobo
Huang, Jingyi
Zhang, Kedie
Xie, Chenyan
Han, Qing
Yu, Yueyuan
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Higher Education Science Research Planning Project of China Higher Education Association (NO. 24YJ0406)
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Article History
Received: 4 March 2025
Accepted: 8 August 2025
First Online: 10 October 2025
Declarations
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: This study uses historical anonymous assignment data as research objects. The assignment data have been stripped of all personal identifiers and cannot be used to infer student identities. This study does not collect, store, or analyze personally identifiable information (PII) or sensitive data. The Ethics Committee of the Stomatology Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medicine University has reviewed this study and determined that ethical approval is not required. Regulatory basis: Measures for the Ethical Review of Life Sciences and Medical Research Involving Humans (2023). Furthermore, this study complies with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.
: Since this study does not collect identifiable personal data, specific informed consent from participants is not required. The data used in this study were collected under standard educational practices and were fully anonymized before analysis. The Ethics Committee of the Stomatology Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medicine University has reviewed this study and confirmed that consent for publication is not required.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
