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Authors
Fritsma, Teri
Woldegerima, Selam
Rosenberg, Mark E.
Weirick, Madison E.
Henning-Smith, Carrie
MacDougall, Hannah
Olson, Andrew P. J.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
3M
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Article History
Received: 4 November 2024
Accepted: 13 August 2025
First Online: 9 December 2025
Declarations
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: This study was approved by the Institutional Review Boards of the University of Minnesota and the Minnesota Department of Health (MDH). We adhered to the Declaration of Helsinki. We used data from the MDH Healthcare Workforce Survey of physicians, PAs, and APRNs, administered from February 9, 2023 through March 6, 2024. HCPs are legislatively mandated per Minnesota Statute 144.051–0.052 to take this survey at the time of license renewal and thus consent was required to be obtained. Clinicians are invited to complete this survey at the time of their license renewal.
: Not applicable.
: This work was supported by a grant from 3 M. The funder had no influence on the conduct of the study or the manuscript.
