Document is current

Article History

Received: 10 June 2024

Accepted: 20 August 2025

First Online: 2 October 2025

Declarations

:

: This study was deemed exempt by the University of Chicago Institutional Review Board (IRB 22-1084). This determination was made under the Federal Regulations (45 CFR 46) category 0.104(d) which is for “Research, conducted in established or commonly accepted educational settings, that specifically involves normal educational practices that are not likely to adversely impact students’ opportunity to learn required educational content or the assessment of educators who provide instruction. This includes most research on regular and special education instructional strategies, and research on the effectiveness of or the comparison among instructional techniques, curricula, or classroom management methods.” All experimental protocols were approved as above. Consent was not obtained from subjects given the above exemption. This research study adhered to the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.

: N/A.

: The authors declare no competing interests.