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Authors
Miyamoto, Yuji
Nakaura, Takeshi
Nakamura, Hiro
Hirai, Toshinori
Iwatsuki, Masaaki
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Article History
Received: 26 April 2025
Accepted: 29 August 2025
First Online: 9 October 2025
Declarations
:
: Not available.
: The present study analyzed exam items sourced from publicly accessible archives of the Japan Surgical Society. Since no human or animal data were involved, ethical review was deemed unnecessary. All data was anonymized and processed in compliance with applicable data protection standards.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
