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Article History

Received: 29 June 2025

Accepted: 18 September 2025

First Online: 14 October 2025

Declarations

:

: This randomized controlled trial was reviewed and approved by the Institutional Review Board of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine (Approval No.: 2025-2110-01). The study protocol adhered to China’s ethical guidelines for medical education research and the Declaration of Helsinki principles.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: All participating residents provided written informed consent after receiving detailed explanations about: (1) The study’s purpose and procedures; (2) Voluntary participation and withdrawal rights; (3) Measures to ensure data anonymity (e.g., using coded identifiers); and (4) Potential benefits/risks.