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Authors
Jiang, Dingyuan
Duan, Kui
Li, Zhigang
Chen, Xueming
Li, Nani
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Hunan Province’s Inclusive Policy and Innovation Environment Construction Plan - Clinical Medical Technology Innovation Guidance Project (2021SK53902, 2021SK53902, 2021SK53902, 2021SK53902, 2021SK53902)
Hunan Province Natural Science Foundation Provincial and Municipal Joint Fund (2021JJ50066, 2021JJ50066)
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Article History
Received: 17 January 2025
Accepted: 11 October 2025
First Online: 11 November 2025
Declarations
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: The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of Zhuzhou 331 Hospital (approval No. ZZS331YYLL-202202-JX1-J1). Before enrollment, all participants received written and verbal information about the study objectives, procedures, potential risks, and anticipated benefits, and each provided written informed consent. The use of patient imaging data to generate 3D models for educational purposes was approved with a waiver of consent; all images were fully de-identified prior to export and printing, and no identifiable patient information was accessible to learners or study staff involved in teaching. The trial was conducted in accordance with institutional policies and relevant ethical regulations.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
