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Article History

Received: 25 February 2025

Accepted: 17 October 2025

First Online: 17 November 2025

Declarations

:

: Ethical approval for this study was obtained from the Ethics Committee of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University (Approval Number: 研2025-0301). This research focused on educational methodology in medical training and involved only the participation of doctors in teaching activities, without any direct medical intervention on patients.All participating doctors were informed of the objectives and procedures of the study, and written informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to their inclusion. The study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.

: Written consent for publication was obtained from all doctors appearing in the group photograph included in this manuscript, as their faces are identifiable. Consent for the use of such non-sensitive educational images for academic publication was included in the signed informed consent form.

: The authors declare no competing interests.