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Authors
Al Hashmi, Reem A. M. https://orcid.org/0009-0008-2076-7846
Ozturk, Ilhan https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6521-0901
Elmehdi, Hussein M. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8536-190X
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Article History
Received: 13 July 2025
Accepted: 21 October 2025
First Online: 26 November 2025
Declarations
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: This study was approved by the Research Ethics Unit at the University of Sharjah (Reference number: REC-25-06-15-02-PG). The approval was granted by the Research Ethics Unit, Office of Vice Chancellor for Research & Graduate Studies, University of Sharjah. The research was conducted in accordance with the approved protocol, with the understanding that the researcher had formal access to students’ academic data in her role as Director of the Registration Department.In line with institutional and national guidelines, the need for informed consent was waived by the Research Ethics Unit, as the study used anonymized retrospective data extracted from the institutional Student Information System (SIS).
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: In line with institutional and national guidelines, the need for informed consent was waived by the Research Ethics Unit, as the study used anonymized retrospective data extracted from the institutional Student Information System (SIS).
: The research adhered fully to the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki ( ).
