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Article History

Received: 13 June 2025

Accepted: 29 October 2025

First Online: 14 March 2026

Declarations

:

: Prior to data collection, informed consent was obtained from all participants. Ethical approval for the study was granted by the UCD Human Research Ethics Board (Reference: LS-24-69-Najim). This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments. Interview transcripts were anonymized, with identifying information removed during transcription. Audio recordings were deleted after transcription and were not retained or copied beyond the initial analysis phase. No identifiable data is included in this manuscript. Clinical trial number: not applicable.

: All authors and participants consent for this study to be published.

: CLR reports grants from the Irish Research Council, Science Foundation Ireland, Anabio, and the Health Research Board. He serves on advisory boards of Novo Nordisk, Herbalife, GI Dynamics, Eli Lilly, Johnson & Johnson, Glia, Keyron, and Boehringer Ingelheim. CLR is a member of the Irish Society for Nutrition and Metabolism, outside the area of work commented on here. He served as the Chief Medical Officer and Director of the Medical Device Division of Keyron in 2021. Both were unremunerated positions. No patients have been included in any of Keyron’s studies, and the company is not publicly traded. CLR was gifted stock in Keyron in September 2021 and divested all holdings the same month. He continues to provide scientific advice to Keyron without remuneration. W.A.-N. reports honoraria for presentations from Novo Nordisk and Boehringer Ingelheim. W.A.-N. provides dietetic services to ProHealth365 Physiotherapy & Nutrition and BeyondBMI, private obesity clinics.All other authors declare no conflicts of interest.