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Article History

Received: 2 September 2025

Accepted: 6 November 2025

First Online: 24 December 2025

Declarations

:

: The study was initially reviewed and cleared by the internal review board of [University name withheld for anonymity] as educational research without patient involvement. Subsequently, external ethics approval was obtained from the Ethikkommission für das Land Niederösterreich (Approval ID: GS3-EK-12/942–2025). Participation in the post-OSCE self-assessment questionnaire was voluntary, and students’ grades were not affected by the decision to participate or by their responses. All participating students provided informed consent prior to inclusion. Data were pseudonymized before analysis; the linkage file was stored separately with restricted access and was not available to the research team. The research adhered to the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki (latest revision). No patient data or human tissue were involved.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.