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Article History

Received: 4 May 2025

Accepted: 7 November 2025

First Online: 8 December 2025

Declarations

:

: This study was performed in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Vice Chancellor for Research at Bushehr University of Medical Sciences with the ethics code IR.BPUMS.REC.1401.081.Ethical considerations were thoroughly observed in this study. Participation was entirely voluntary. Although students were invited by their course instructors or advisors, it was explicitly explained that choosing to participate or not had no effect on their grades, academic evaluation, or relationship with the instructors. To minimize any perception of coercion, verbal assurances were provided. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants. Furthermore, confidentiality and privacy were carefully protected by safeguarding names and other personal information. In addition, participants were assured of their right to withdraw from the study at any stage without the need for explanation.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.