Document is current

Article History

Received: 30 July 2025

Accepted: 2 December 2025

First Online: 5 January 2026

Declarations

:

: This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the School of Nursing, Central South University (E202478). All procedures were conducted in accordance with the principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki. Informed consent for this study was obtained from the college’s leadership, its faculty, and all nursing undergraduates. The researchers provided a detailed explanation of the study’s purpose, the data collection process, and the potential risks and benefits associated with the study. Voluntary participation was emphasized in this study. The collected data were kept strictly confidential. Anonymization and encryption technologies were used to avoid the disclosure of personally identifiable information. Meanwhile, the rights and wishes of the participants were fully respected, and they were free to skip any questions they were unwilling to answer or withdraw from the study at any time. In addition, to ensure the scientificity and impartiality of the research, the samples in this study follow the principles of rationality and science. During the data analysis and result reporting stages, efforts were made to avoid distortion or misinterpretation of the study results and to ensure the authenticity and reliability of the findings.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.