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Article History

Received: 4 July 2025

Accepted: 8 December 2025

First Online: 11 December 2025

Declarations

:

: This study was reviewed by the Research Ethics Committee of the Holy Spirit University of Kaslik (USEK), Lebanon. It was deemed exempt from formal ethical approval as it did not involve identifiable personal data, clinical intervention, or biological materials. The research was conducted as part of an undergraduate biomedical engineering capstone project and was limited to simulated educational scenarios involving volunteer student participants. The study was carried out in accordance with the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki (2013 revision) and the academic research guidelines of USEK. All participants were informed of the study’s educational purpose and voluntarily gave their verbal informed consent prior to taking part in the testing sessions.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.