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Authors
Ismail, Eman H. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1539-798X
Al-Zain, Afnan O. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0413-8387
Alzahrani, Awwadh
Alghamdi, Omar
Martaa, Faisal
Baghdadi, Salem
Eshmawi, Yousef https://orcid.org/0009-0006-8063-5680
Balhaddad, Abdulrahman A. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6678-7940
Price, Richard B. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6479-1436
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University Researchers Supporting Project ((PNURSP2025R350))
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Article History
Received: 2 August 2025
Accepted: 12 December 2025
First Online: 23 December 2025
Declarations
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: The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Institutional Review Board Institutional Review Board (IRB) exempt approval for this project was obtained from King Abdulaziz University (IRB #135-07-23).
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
