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Authors
Liu, Jing
Fan, Siqi https://orcid.org/0009-0003-7958-8977
Liu, Yunxia
Wang, Shukang
Sun, Xiubin
Li, Xiujun
Yuan, Zhongshang
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China (82373686, 82173624)
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Article History
Received: 10 September 2025
Accepted: 12 December 2025
First Online: 2 January 2026
Declarations
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: The study was in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Ethics Review Committee of Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University. The participants were informed that they voluntarily participated in the anonymous survey and had the right to withdraw at any time. The research would not affect individual privacy rights and welfare. Data confidentiality was protected.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
