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Article History

Received: 16 December 2024

Accepted: 15 December 2025

First Online: 23 December 2025

Declarations

:

: The study design was approved by the Medical and Health Research Ethics Committee of the Fifth People’s Hospital [Chongqing, China] (No. 2021-4-20; approved on 20 April 2021) and the study adhered to the Declaration of Helsinki. All clinicians involved in the survey provided informed consent. All methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations. When collecting and using patient data, information was removed that could directly identify an individual, such as name and ID number. At the same time, access to the original data was minimized, while ensuring the purpose of the research. Encryption and permission control were used to protect data from unauthorized access. Participants received education and training in information security and privacy protection and signed research and data confidentiality agreements.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.