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Authors
Mohd Salim, Nurul Ain
Azman, Azreen
Sulaiman, Puteri Suhaiza
Roslan, Nurhanis Syazni
Hod, Rafidah
Adam, Siti Khadijah
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia under the Fundamental Research Grant Scheme ([FRGS/1/2019/SKK03/UPM/02/1])
Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia under the Fundamental Research Grant Scheme ([FRGS/1/2019/SKK03/UPM/02/1])
Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia under the Fundamental Research Grant Scheme ([FRGS/1/2019/SKK03/UPM/02/1])
Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia under the Fundamental Research Grant Scheme ([FRGS/1/2019/SKK03/UPM/02/1])
Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia under the Fundamental Research Grant Scheme ([FRGS/1/2019/SKK03/UPM/02/1])
Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia under the Fundamental Research Grant Scheme ([FRGS/1/2019/SKK03/UPM/02/1])
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Article History
Received: 26 August 2025
Accepted: 19 December 2025
First Online: 19 January 2026
Declarations
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: This study was approved by the Ethics Committee for Research Involving Human Subjects, Universiti Putra Malaysia which is guided in its stance and decisions by the principles expressed in the Declaration of Helsinki (reference no: JKEUPM-2020-415). The Dean of the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, granted permission to conduct the research. All participants provided informed consent prior to participation in the study.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
