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Article History

Received: 23 September 2025

Accepted: 2 January 2026

First Online: 9 January 2026

Declarations

:

: This study was conducted in compliance with the principles of the World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki and was reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University (Approval No.: 2025-KT64). Participation was entirely voluntary, and students were informed that they could choose to participate or not without any academic consequence. No personally identifiable information was collected. Formal written consent was not obtained; instead, the submission of the survey by participants was deemed to constitute informed consent, as participants were fully informed of the study’s purpose, procedures, and rights prior to survey completion.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.